The wide methodological diversity in cCD diagnostic algorithms reflects the lack of a consensus. Moreover, most protocols in both countries where the disease is endemic and those where it is not endemic have yet to incorporate recently developed technologies. Countries of endemicity have more protocols in place, but the implementation of diagnostic methods is hampered by economic constraints. However, in countries where the disease is not endemic, national health policies for cCD control are nonexistent, and official regional protocols are scarce and restricted to Europe. From an economic point of view, the early detection and treatment of cCD are cost-effective. The aims of this review are to (i) describe the current global situation in CD management, with emphasis on congenital infection, and (ii) summarize the spectrum of available strategies, both official and unofficial, for cCD prevention and control in countries of endemicity and nonendemicity. Although several health organizations provide general protocols for cCD control, its management in each geopolitical region depends on local authorities, which has resulted in a multitude of approaches. In countries where the disease is not endemic, vertical transmission plays a key role in CD expansion and is the main focus of its control. Despite the successful implementation of subregional initiatives to control vectorial and transfusional Trypanosoma cruzi transmission in Latin American settings where the disease is endemic, congenital CD (cCD) remains a significant challenge. Population movements have turned Chagas disease (CD) into a global public health problem.
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